科士达在线式UPS电源常见的应用范围有哪些

科士达UPS电源

随着计算机广泛的应用，一些重要场所：如金融、信息、通讯、公共设备控制，对电源可靠性、稳定性要求高，超大规模集成电路制造等产业对电源也有相当高要求。电压偏移、电压波形畸变、断电持续等电源质量降低将产生严重经济损失和社会影响，上述场所的关键设备大多采用LIPS供电。在线式科士达UPS电源的类型——通常设备根据电源可靠性、功能要求、使用方便等要求，尽可能经济的选择在线式UPS。根据不同负荷特性选择不同类型在线式UPS。从实用性、选择方便易行出发，在线式科士达UPS电源可分三类：单一运行，备份运行;有旁路转换、无旁路转换;平时逆变器运行。平时市电运行。

在线式科士达UPS电源特点——单一运行在线式UPS，用于一般重要负荷;用于输人、输出频率不同，或者对市电有无影响不大，对频率精度要求很高的负荷。备份运行在线式UPS，使用多台不停电装置，具有备份功能，当部分发生故障，其它正常部分向负荷供电，用于特别重要负荷。有旁路转换UPS，负荷可由市电和逆变器供电，提高供电可靠性。多数在线式UPS设置旁路。无旁路转换在线式科士达UPS电源，用于输入、输出频率不同，或对市电频率、电压精度要求极高的负荷。

平时逆变器运行，负荷对电源质量要求高，不受市电，电源电压、频率的影响。平时市电运行，负荷对电源质量要求不高，对可靠性要求高，不变换运行效率高。使用时根据负荷性质三种运行方式组合应用。负荷的重要性：电源是否存在潜在异常。原则上不存在电源异常是不需要设置在线式UPS的。负荷是否重要是根据电源异常导致的负荷部分受损而决定的。受损包括直接损失和间接损失。直接损失包括生产线上的不良产品，科技研发重要数据丢失。间接损失包括恢复供电需要时间，社会信誉。根据受损大小，衡量在线式科士达UPS电源系统总投资，为了提高可靠性是否采用在线式科士达UPS电源，采用在线式科士达UPS电源是否设置备份及旁路，确定运行方式。

电源质量对负荷的影响：电源电压允许压降范围及持续时间;日常电压失真范围、频率精度。负荷对电源质量承受力强，可以简化系统提高可靠性降低成本，比如增加旁路时采用一般为0.02~0.2S瞬时停电转换方式。日常电压失真，频率精度一般不是特殊负荷，市电电源下足够运行，一般不需考虑电源对负荷的影响。对电源电压瞬时降低和断电敏感的计算机，即使电源电压降低10%半个周期就会产生影响。则需要提供优质电源。在线式UPS容量选择：根据下列因素，特性、计算负荷、冲击电流、峰值电流、过载能力、负荷突变状况选择在线式UPS容量。

关于冲击电流，能承受峰值电流的在线式科士达UPS电源计算容量=有效负荷容量X冲击电流(最大值)/在线式UPS额定电流，其值一般为有效容量的5~10倍。负载投入电源，产生相当大冲击电流，特别是计算机及外围设备。在在线式UPS供电时，为降低在线式科士达UPS电源容量，运行时负载依次投入或选择在线式UPS市电运行;当电流回复到额定电流值以下，不停电转换到整流器，逆变器供电。能承受峰值电流的在线式UPS;容量=有效负荷容量X峰值电流(最大值)/在线式UPS额定电流;峰值系数为2.5以上的在线式UPS，峰值电流承受能力为250%PA上，一般不超出在线式UPS额定容量.可以直接采用，不需补偿。

Corstal UPS Power Supply
With the wide application of computers, some important places, such as finance, information, communication and public equipment control, require high reliability and stability of power supply. Ultra-large scale integrated circuit manufacturing industries also require high power supply. Lower power quality, such as voltage offset, distortion of voltage waveform and continuous power cut, will cause serious economic loss and social impact. Most of the key equipment in the above places are supplied by LIPS. On-line Corstal UPS power supply type - Usually equipment according to the reliability of power supply, functional requirements, easy to use and other requirements, as far as possible economical choice of on-line UPS. Different types of on-line UPS are selected according to different load characteristics. Starting from the practicability and convenience of selection, the on-line Kosta UPS power supply can be divided into three categories: single operation, backup operation, bypass conversion, no bypass conversion, and normal operation of inverters. Peacetime power operation.
On-line Costa UPS power supply characteristics - single operation on-line UPS for general important loads; for different input and output frequencies, or has little impact on the power market, high frequency accuracy requirements of the load. Backup operation on-line UPS, using multiple power-off devices, has backup function. When part of the fault occurs, other normal parts supply power to the load for special important loads. With bypass conversion UPS, the load can be supplied by municipal electricity and inverters to improve the reliability of power supply. Most online UPS have bypass settings. The on-line Corstal UPS power supply without bypass conversion is used for loads with different input and output frequencies, or with very high requirements for power frequency and voltage accuracy.
Normally, when the inverter is running, the load has a high requirement on the quality of the power supply, which is not affected by the market power, the voltage and frequency of the power supply. In the normal operation of municipal electricity, the demand of load for power quality is not high, the demand for reliability is high, and the operation efficiency of constant conversion is high. When used, three operation modes are combined according to the nature of load. Importance of load: Whether there is potential abnormality in power supply. In principle, there is no power supply anomaly and there is no need to set up on-line UPS. Whether the load is important or not depends on the part of the load damaged by abnormal power supply. Damage includes direct loss and indirect loss. Direct losses include bad products on production lines and important data loss in R&D of science and technology. Indirect losses include time needed to restore power supply and social credibility. According to the size of damage, the total investment of on-line Corstal UPS power system is measured. In order to improve the reliability, whether to use on-line Corstal UPS power supply, whether to set up backup and bypass for on-line Corstal UPS power supply, and determine the operation mode.
The influence of power quality on load: the allowable voltage drop range and duration of power supply voltage; the daily voltage distortion range and frequency accuracy.  Load has strong endurance to power quality, which can simplify the system to improve reliability and reduce costs. For example, when adding bypass, the instantaneous power outage conversion mode is usually 0.02-0.2S. Daily voltage distortion, frequency accuracy is generally not a special load, enough operation under the municipal power supply, generally do not need to consider the impact of power supply on the load. A computer sensitive to instantaneous power supply voltage reduction and power outage, even if the power supply voltage is reduced by 10% for half a cycle, will have an impact. High quality power supply is needed. On-line UPS capacity selection: On-line UPS capacity selection is based on the following factors: characteristics, calculation load, impulse current, peak current, overload capacity, load sudden change.
For impulse current, the calculating capacity of on-line Corstal UPS power supply capable of withstanding peak current is equivalent to the effective load capacity X impulse current (maximum)/rated current of on-line UPS, which is generally 5-10 times the effective capacity. When the load is put into the power supply, it generates considerable impulse current, especially for computers and peripheral equipment. In order to reduce the power supply capacity of on-line Kosta UPS, the load is put into or selected to run on-line UPS in turn; when the current returns to below the rated current value, the power is converted to rectifier without stopping and the power is supplied by inverters. On-line UPS that can withstand peak current; Capacity = Effective Load Capacity X Peak Current (Maximum)/On-line UPS Rated Current; On-line UPS with Peak Coefficient over 2.5, Peak Current withstanding capacity above 250% PA, generally not exceeding on-line UPS Rated Capacity. It can be used directly without compensation.

在线式科士达UPS电源过载能力一般在有效负荷的1.1倍以上，负荷过载超过1.1倍应对在线式UPS进行保护。多数在线式UPS负荷突变0″100%范围内，输出电压波动可以控制在_10%l~A内。所以对有效负荷容量可以不作补偿。在某些场所中在线式UPS在市电停电后转换至自备发电机供电。在自备发电机供电时，应能提供在线式UPS启动时大冲击电流，而不会影响发电机运行。选择整流设备较低启动电流在线式UPS。例如12脉冲整流器，则自备发电机容量应该是整流器的2倍。选择几组在线式UPS并联，分组延时启动。可以利用具有斜坡启动功能组合在一起，避免所有在线式科士达UPS电源同时启动产生冲击电流过大。选择有整流器充电器输人功率可控制的科士达UPS电源，使整流器充电器输入部分功率，不足功率由电池提供。

在科士达UPS电源供电系统中，可以说蓄电池是这个系统的支柱。没有蓄电池的UPS只能称做稳压稳频电源。科士达UPS电源之所以能实现不间断供电，就是因为有了蓄电池。在设计UPS时，首先应考虑选择什么型号的蓄电池，即蓄电池的额定电压、额定容量及应由多少节蓄电池组合等。

(1)蓄电池的额定容量选择

由于蓄电池的实际可使用容量与放电电流大小、系统电压、放电时间、蓄电池工作环境温度、蓄电池储存时间的长短、负载种类和特性等因素密切相关。蓄电池的容量一般是指在20°C，以20h放电率放电到1.75V/单体时，蓄电池输出的功率数(W)。

(2)蓄电池的指标选择

内阻：应选择内阻小的蓄电池，这样才能持续大电流放电。如果内阻较大，在充放电过程中功耗加大，使蓄电池发烫。

浮充电压：在相同温度下，浮充电压值高意味着储能量大，质量差的蓄电池浮充电压值一般较小。蓄电池浮充电压值在不同的温度时应进行修正。

在大中型(几kVA-几千kVA)UPS中采用2V单体系列蓄电池，避免采用小容量组合蓄电池进行混联。

科士达UPS电源是企业重要的供电保障设备，传统的维护管理包括：①日常巡检外观，定期更换电池、滤波电容、风机等易损件，大修时做电池活化等;②改造或采用换代设备，使用高级工具测试电池性能。这种管理方式企业投入成本高，维护人员工作量大，不易实时掌握设备运行状态和关键数据，设备事故预防能力低。实施在线维护管理可避免传统方式的不足之处，获得良好效益。

The overload capacity of on-line COSTAR UPS power supply is generally more than 1.1 times of the effective load, and the overload capacity is more than 1.1 times of the effective load. The on-line UPS should be protected. Most on-line UPS load mutation ranges from 0% to 100%, and the output voltage fluctuation can be controlled within 10% l~A. Therefore, the payload capacity can not be compensated. In some places, on-line UPS is converted to self-contained generator power supply after power failure in the city. When the power supply of the self-contained generator is supplied, the large impulse current should be provided when the on-line UPS is started, without affecting the operation of the generator. Choose on-line UPS with lower starting current for rectifier. For example, 12-pulse rectifier, the capacity of self-contained generator should be twice that of rectifier. Select several groups of on-line UPS parallel connection, group delay start. It can be combined with ramp start function to avoid all on-line Corstal UPS power supply starting at the same time to generate excessive impulse current. Corstal UPS power supply with controllable input power of rectifier charger is selected to make rectifier charger input part of power, and insufficient power is provided by battery.
In Costa UPS power supply system, it can be said that the battery is the backbone of the system. UPS without batteries can only be called voltage stabilized and frequency stabilized power supply. The reason why Kosta UPS power supply can achieve uninterrupted power supply is because of the storage battery. When designing UPS, first of all, we should consider which type of battery to choose, that is, rated voltage, rated capacity and how many battery combinations to use.
(1) Selection of rated capacity of storage battery
Because the actual usable capacity of storage battery is closely related to discharge current, system voltage, discharge time, working environment temperature of storage battery, storage time of storage battery, load type and characteristics. The capacity of the battery generally refers to the power output (W) of the battery when the discharge rate reaches 1.75V/cell at 20 C for 20 hours.
(2) Indicator Selection of Storage Batteries
Internal resistance: Batteries with small internal resistance should be selected so as to sustain high current discharge. If the internal resistance is large, the power consumption increases during charging and discharging, which makes the battery hot.
Floating charge voltage: At the same temperature, high floating charge voltage means large storage energy, and low floating charge voltage of poor quality batteries is generally smaller. The floating charge voltage of storage battery should be corrected at different temperatures.
2V single-system batteries are used in large and medium-sized UPS (several kilowatt-hour A-several thousand kilowatt-hour A), avoiding the use of small-capacity combined batteries for parallel connection.
Costa UPS power supply is an important power supply equipment for enterprises. The traditional maintenance management includes: 1) daily inspection of the appearance, regular replacement of vulnerable parts such as batteries, filter capacitors, fans, battery activation during overhaul; 2) modification or use of replacement equipment, using advanced tools to test battery performance. This kind of management mode is characterized by high investment cost, heavy workload of maintenance personnel, difficulty in grasping real-time operation status and key data of equipment, and low ability of preventing equipment accidents. The implementation of online maintenance management can avoid the shortcomings of traditional methods and obtain good benefits.

一、计算机在线维护管理系统

(一)系统组成

1、总控站(后台)。由监控站、工程维护站、系统接口等构成，运用管理分析软件处理接收的数据并通过Web发布。工程维护人员登录服务器可查看全厂所有在线设备的运行状态以及完善的历史、实时数据分析统计。

2、现场设备控制站(ES)。根据现场设备需要，可选择监控功能仪或设备运行状态信息彩集仪(EII)。EII通过RS-232/485端口与电能表、电池采集模块、直流屏、科士达UPS电源等智能设备通信，将监测数据转换为符合通信协议的数据包，接入局域网，传送至主控室服务器。独立完整的ES包括以下部分。

(1)系统主机。由下行串口通道、数据处理器、显示器、上行串口通道组成。下行串口通道通过RS-485总线访问电池电压采集模块，采集数据，管理电压采集模块，数据处理器完成数据解压、数据计算、存储管理，将处理后的数据一部分送往显示器，另一部分由上行串口通道发送至协议处理器，或传给上一层管理系统。

(2)数据采集模块组。可根据用户需要确定采集数据要求及配置相应采集仪器，一般由电池电压采集模块、电流、温度、功率等组成，模块间隔离良好、绝缘性强，可靠性、安全性高。数据采集可分组，每个模块可对一定数量电池进行电压采集，可配备电流、温度传感器，模块间与系统主机一般采用RS- 485连接。

(3)协议处理器。具有协议处理程序的接口板，处理各种通信协议。可实现：①将主机发送的电池电压、电流、温度等信息按约定协议编码、打包、发送至远程服务器;②将远程服务器发出的遥控、遥调指令经过解码发给主机，实时控制。

(4)放电模块。可快速测出电池直流内阻，瞬间测试电池性能，大功率放电模块可提供瞬间大电流冲击负荷。

(5)远程服务器。实现局域网内计算机数据通信，通过局域岗远程访问现场的蓄电池监测系统，接收、分析数据，通过Web服务器发布数据。

3、通信网络。联网现场设备各分站(采集监控站)，采用光纤作为数据通信主干线，组成全厂UPS和直流电源在线监控的局域网。

(二)系统主要功能

1、台账管理。集成各站UPS、直流系统、蓄电池信息设备及查询功能。可查询每台UPS、直流设备的每节电池电压、平均电压、整组电压、充放电电流、环境温度等实时、历史数据，以曲线和柱状图方式显示，或生成报表打印。

2、实时分析。对选定时间段内的电池运行状态、历史数据进行分析，当某个蓄电池被放过电，满足一定电流范围和时间(大于设置值)时，系统将对蓄电池进行电池容量评价(容量估算)。

3、报警指示和查询。可对每台科士达UPS电源、直流电源故障进行报警，提供报警查询，以便及时处理。

4、网络化。系统具有远端通信和遥测、遥信、遥控功能，使远程服务器通过以太网对各站UPS、直流电源、蓄电池监测系统进行实时监控与数据管理。还可根据企业需要，与其他系统联网，采集一些重要设备的信息，实现更多功能。

I. Computer Online Maintenance Management System
(1) System Composition
1. General control station (background). It is composed of monitoring station, engineering maintenance station and system interface. It uses management analysis software to process the received data and publish it through Web. Engineering maintenance personnel can log on to the server to check the operation status of all online equipment in the plant, as well as perfect historical and real-time data analysis and statistics.
2. Field Equipment Control Station (ES). According to the needs of field equipment, monitoring function instrument or EII can be selected. EII communicates with smart devices such as watt-hour meter, battery acquisition module, DC screen and Kosta UPS power supply through RS-232/485 port. The monitoring data is converted into data packets conforming to the communication protocol, which are connected to the local area network and transmitted to the main control room server. An independent and complete ES consists of the following parts.
(1) System host. It consists of downlink serial channel, data processor, display and upstream serial channel. The downlink serial channel accesses the battery voltage acquisition module through RS-485 bus, collects data and manages the voltage acquisition module. The data processor completes data decompression, data calculation and storage management, and sends part of the processed data to the display, while the other part is sent from the upstream serial channel to the protocol processor or to the upper management system.
(2) Data acquisition module group. According to the user's needs, the data acquisition requirements can be determined and the corresponding acquisition instrument can be configured. Generally, the module consists of battery voltage acquisition module, current, temperature, power, etc. The module has good separation, strong insulation, high reliability and safety. Data acquisition can be grouped. Each module can collect a certain number of batteries. It can be equipped with current and temperature sensors. RS-485 is usually used to connect the modules with the host computer of the system.
(3) Protocol Processor. The interface board with protocol processing program handles all kinds of communication protocols. Realizable: 1. Code, package and send the battery voltage, current and temperature information sent by the host to the remote server according to the agreed protocol; 2. Decode the remote control and remote control instructions sent by the remote server and send them to the host for real-time control.
(4) Discharge module. It can measure the DC internal resistance of the battery quickly and test the performance of the battery instantaneously. The high power discharge module can provide instantaneous high current impulse load.
(5) Remote server. The computer data communication in the LAN is realized. The battery monitoring system on the spot is accessed remotely by the LAN post, and the data is received and analyzed. The data is released through the Web server.
3. Communication network. Each sub-station of networked field equipment (acquisition and monitoring station) uses optical fiber as the backbone of data communication to form the local area network of UPS and DC power supply on-line monitoring in the whole plant.
(2) Main functions of the system
1. Account management. Integrate UPS, DC system, battery information equipment and query function of each station. Real-time and historical data such as battery voltage, average voltage, group voltage, charging and discharging current and ambient temperature of each UPS and DC equipment can be queried and displayed in the form of curve and histogram, or report forms can be printed.
2. Real-time analysis. The operation status and historical data of the battery in the selected time period are analyzed. When a battery is discharged overpower and meets a certain current range and time (greater than the set value), the system will evaluate the battery capacity (capacity estimation).
3. Alarm instructions and inquiries. It can give an alarm to every UPS power supply and DC power supply, and provide an alarm inquiry for timely handling.
4. Networking. The system has the functions of remote communication, telemetry, telecommunication and remote control. It enables the remote server to monitor and manage UPS, DC power supply and battery monitoring system in real time through Ethernet. According to the needs of enterprises, it can also connect with other systems, collect some important equipment information, and achieve more functions.

二、系统应用注意事项

认真查清企业内部科士达UPS电源和直流电源现状以及企业现有网络规模，根据设备功能和重要性合理配置。

1、确定网络构架方案，即企业是否有必要建立完整网络系统或在现有网络基础上构建，对单个电池组也可实现完整、独立的在线维护管理。

2、以在线管理系统为核心，辅以必要人工测试，可降低管理成本，大站、关键设备直接采用完整系统，小站、单体科士达UPS电源等经后台机处理形成整体维护管理系统。

3、有些科士达UPS电源和直流电源已具备多种管理功能，如状态参数、状态记录、报警等，合理配置不仅降低开发成本，还可减少线路过多带来的故障隐患。

4、维护管理系统只进行监视，建议控制指令(如故障处理、切换、活化等)的发出由人工实施。

5、系统建立后，可在有人值守的地方设监视站，由操作人员实现全天候运行状态监视，维修人员要定期查阅管理。

6、要预留接口和协议以便兼容其他系统，系统上层管理也可建在企业已有网站上。

7、建议状态管理系统与过程控制或执行系统分开，注意相互间独立性，不要相互干扰。

8、系统建立后要有工作制度和管理机制，确保正常使用。

科士达UPS电源和直流电源在线维护管理系统确保了企业安全、稳定生产，将传统维修转变为状态维修，减少了很多维修成本，增加了企业效益。

为什么高型电池最好采用卧放，低型电池最好采用竖放?

答：高型电池竖放易导致电池内部电解液分层，放置时间久后，上层的硫酸密度变稀，下层硫酸密度变浓，从而形成浓差微电池，长期如此导致电池自放电严重，缩短电池使用寿命。

低型电池电解液分层的可能性小得多，而采用竖放将有效地减少电池漏液的可能，因此矮型电池宜选择坚立放置。

怎样确定电池的安装方式?

答：对于采用 AGM 技术的阀控电池，高型设计的电池在安装时应选择水平卧放，以免在使用过程中产生电解液分层。安装时，主要考虑安装面积和地面承重，用户可根据电池安放区情况选择二层、四层和八层的安装方式，在地面承重允许的情况下，选择四层或八层方式安装可节省占地面积，这种方式较适合于电池放在一楼或地下室，对于有足够的面积而地面承重能力差的情况，宜采用二层方式安装。具体安装方式参照“电池安装手册”。超出“安装手册”以外的，由公司技术人员为客户进行专项设计，也称之特殊设计。

为什么新旧电池、不同类型电池，最好不要混合使用?

答：由于新旧电池、不同类型电池的电池内阻大小不一，电池在充放电时差异明显，如串联使用会造成单只过充或欠充;如果并联使用，则会造成充放电偏流，各组电池的电流不一致。

科士达UPS电源电池在运行维护过程中，需经常检查哪些项目?

答：( 1 )电池的总电压、充电电流及各电池的浮充电压;

( 2 ) 电池连接条有无松动、腐蚀现象;

( 3 )电池壳体有无渗漏和变形;

( 4 )电池的极柱、安全阀周围是否有酸雾溢出。

什么叫浮充电压?怎样确定电池的浮充电压?

答：浮充使用时蓄电池的充电电压必须保持一恒定值，在该电压下，充放电量应足以补偿蓄电池由于自放电而损失的电量以及氧循环的需要，保证在相对较短的时间内使放过电的电池充足电，这样就可以使蓄电池长期处于充足电状态，同时，该电压的选择应使蓄电池因过充电而造成损坏达到最低程度，此电压称之为浮充电压。

II. Notes for System Application
We should carefully check the current situation of UPS and DC power supply and the existing network scale of the enterprise, and rationally configure them according to the function and importance of the equipment.
1. Determine the network architecture, that is, whether it is necessary for enterprises to establish a complete network system or build on the basis of existing network, for a single battery pack can also achieve complete and independent online maintenance and management.
2. With on-line management system as the core, supplemented by necessary manual testing, the management cost can be reduced. Large stations and key equipment directly adopt complete system. Small stations and single Kosta UPS power supply are processed by background computers to form an integrated maintenance management system.
3. Some Corstal UPS power supply and DC power supply have various management functions, such as state parameters, state records, alarms, etc. Rational configuration not only reduces the development cost, but also reduces the hidden troubles caused by excessive lines.
4. Maintenance management system only monitors. It is suggested that the issuance of control instructions (such as fault handling, switching, activation, etc.) should be implemented manually.
5. After the system is established, monitoring stations can be set up in places where people are on duty. Operators can monitor all-weather operation status. Maintenance personnel should consult and manage regularly.
6. To reserve interfaces and protocols for compatibility with other systems, the upper management of the system can also be built on existing enterprise websites.
7. It is suggested that the state management system should be separated from the process control or execution system, paying attention to the independence of each other and not interfering with each other.
8. After the establishment of the system, there must be working system and management mechanism to ensure normal use.
The on-line maintenance and management system of Kosta UPS and DC power supply ensures the safe and stable production of the enterprise, transforms the traditional maintenance into condition maintenance, reduces a lot of maintenance costs, and increases the efficiency of the enterprise.
Why is it better for high-type batteries to be laid horizontally and for low-type batteries to be laid vertically?
Answer: Vertical placement of high-type batteries can easily lead to the layering of electrolyte inside the battery. After a long time of placement, the density of sulfuric acid in the upper layer becomes thinner and the density of sulfuric acid in the lower layer becomes thicker, thus forming concentration micro-batteries, which will lead to serious self-discharge and shorten the service life of the battery for a long time.
The possibility of electrolyte stratification is much less for low-size batteries, and vertical placement will effectively reduce the possibility of leakage of batteries. Therefore, the short-size batteries should be placed firmly.
How to determine the installation of batteries?
Answer: For valve-controlled batteries using AGM technology, high-design batteries should be installed horizontally to avoid electrolyte stratification during use. When installing, the main consideration is installation area and ground load-bearing. Users can choose two, four and eight layers installation mode according to the condition of battery placement area. If the ground load-bearing permits, the four or eight layers installation mode can save space. This mode is more suitable for batteries on the first floor or basement. For the case that there is enough area and the ground load-bearing capacity is poor, It is advisable to install it in a two-tier way. Specific installation method refers to "Battery Installation Manual". In addition to the "installation manual", the company's technicians carry out special design for customers, also known as special design.
Why is it better not to mix old and new batteries and different types of batteries?
Answer: Because the internal resistance of new and old batteries and different types of batteries are different, there are obvious differences in charge and discharge of batteries. If used in series, single overcharge or undercharge will occur; if used in parallel, it will result in charge and discharge bias current, and the current of each group of batteries is different.
What items should be inspected frequently during operation and maintenance of Kosta UPS battery?
Answer: (1) The total voltage, charging current and floating charging voltage of each battery;
(2) whether the battery connection strip is loose or corroded;
(3) whether the battery shell has leakage or deformation;
(4) Whether there is acid mist overflow around the battery pole and safety valve.
What is the floating charge voltage? How to determine the floating charge voltage of the battery?
Answer: The charging voltage of storage battery must keep a constant value when floating charge is used. Under this voltage, the charge and discharge amount should be enough to compensate for the loss of the battery due to self-discharge and the need of oxygen cycle, to ensure that the discharged battery is fully charged in a relatively short period of time, so that the storage battery can be in a long-term sufficient state. At the same time, the choice of this voltage should make the storage battery fully charged. Batteries are damaged to a minimum due to overcharging. This voltage is called floating charging voltage.

新安装的电池，有些压差较大，会影响使用吗?

答：新安装的电池，经过一定时间浮充运行后，浮充电压将趋于均匀，因为刚使用硫酸饱和度较高，气体复合效率差，运行后饱和度略微会下降，电池浮充电压也会均匀。

科士达UPS电源电池在长期浮充运行中，电池电压不均有哪些原因?

答：目前 VRLA 电池存在着浮充电压不均匀的现象，这是由生产电池的各个环节中所用配件和材料的质量、数量以及含量的误差累积所致，特别是 VRLA 电池采用了贫液式设计，误差将影响到电池内部的硫酸饱和度，这直接影响电池浮充时氧气的再化合，从而使浮充时电池的过电位不同，电池的浮充电压也就不一样。但 VRLA 电池经过一定时间的浮充运行后，浮充电压将趋于均匀。因为硫酸饱和度高的电池氧气复合效率差，使饱和度略微下降，电池的浮电压也就趋于均匀。

另电池串联的连接条压降大;极柱与连接条接触不良;新电池在运行三 ~ 六个月内均有可能存在不均匀现象。

电池浮充运行时，落后电池如何判断?

答：落后电池在放电时端电压低，因此落后电池应在放电状态下测量，如果端电压在连续三次放电循环中测量均是最低的，就可判为该组中的落后电池，有落后电池就应对电池组均衡充电。

例如，对于在浮充状态的电池，如果浮充电压低于 2.16V应予以引起重视.

科士达UPS电源电池有时有略微鼓胀，会影响电池使用吗?

答：由于电池内存在着内压，电池壳体出现微小壳体的鼓胀程度，一方面厂家要注意安全阀的开阀压，使电池内压不致太大，以及选择合适的壳体材料，壳体厚度;另一方面用户要对电池进行正常的维护保养 , 以免过充和热失控。

电池放电后，一般要多少时间才能充足电?

答：放电后的蓄电池充足电时间所需时间，随放出容量及初始充电电流不同而变化。如电池经 10h 率放电，放电深度 100% 的蓄电池，蓄电池通过“恒压限流”和“恒流限压”充电 24 小时后，充入电量可达 100% 以上。

科士达UPS电源电池漏液分哪几类，主要有那些现象?

答：阀控密封电池的关键是密封，如电池漏夜，则不能与通信机房同居一室，必须进行更换。

现象 ： a 极柱四周有白色晶体 , 明显发黑腐蚀 , 有硫酸液滴。 b 如电池卧放，地面有酸液腐蚀的白色粉末。 c 极柱铜芯发绿，螺旋套内液滴明显;或槽盖间有液滴明显。

原因 ： a 某些电池螺套松动，密封圈受压减小导致渗液。 b 密封胶老化导致密封处有纹裂。 c 电池严重过放过充，不同型号电池混用，电池气体复合效率差。 d 灌酸时酸液溅出，造成假漏液。

措施 ： a 对可能是假漏液电池进行擦拭，留待后期观察 b 对漏液电池的螺套进行加固，继续观察 c 改进电池密封结构

蓄电池使用中，为什么有时“放不出电”?

答：电池在正常浮充状态下放电，放电时间未达要求，程控交换机或用电设备上电池电压即已下降至其设定值，放电即处于终止状态。其原因为;

电池放电电流超出额定电流，造成放电时间不足，而实际容量达到;

浮充时实际浮充电压不足，会造成电池长期欠电，电池容量不足，并可能导致电池硫酸盐化。

电池间连接条松动，接触电阻大，造成放电时连接条上压降大，整组电池电压下降较快(充电过程则相反，此电池电压上升也较快)。

放电时环境温度过低。随着温度的降低，电池放电容量亦随之下降

电池发烫，温度较高会影响电池使用吗?

答： 一般情况，处于充放电过程，由于电流较大，电池存在一定内阻，电池会产生一部分热量，温度有所升高。但是，当电池充电电流过大，电池间间隙过小会使充电电流和电池温度发生一种累积性的增强作用，并损坏蓄电池，造成热失控。特别是用户使用的充电设备为交流电源，充电设备虽经滤波，但仍有波纹电压。而一个完全充电的电池的交流阻抗很小，即使电压变化很小在电池线路内也会产生明显的交流电流，使电池的温度上升，而电池热失控导致温度上升，电池壳强度下降以致软化，造成电池内压下鼓胀，并造成电池损坏。

电池的容量能利用电导测量吗，目前国内外情况怎样?

答： 美国科学家 D.Feder 博士的观点认为，电池的电导值越大其容量越高，电池电导和电池容量之间存在线性关系。国内对电池电导测量方法进行了研究，其电导测试数据表明：在某些情况下电导测试方法对评价 VRLA 电池的容量状况是有效的，但在另一些情形下，电池电导与电池容量之间的线性关系不复存在。

在下列情形下， VRLA 电池电导与其它指标之间存在线性关系：

a 对于同一系列的电池，标称容量 ~ 平均电导;

b 对于某一个电池单体，电池容量 ~ 电池电导;

c 放电过程中，电池容量 ~ 电池电导;

d 电池温度 ~ 电池电导。

VRLA 电池内阻范围是 10 -3 ~10 -5 欧姆，许多因素会影响电池电导测量的精确度。如电池连接条或极表面的氧化层，连接条与端子之间的接触电阻等等。由于 VRLA 电池是贫液式设计，因此电池内部气体对电池电导的测量有很大的影响。总之，要想建立某一型号电池的标准电导值是非常困难的。事实上，国际主要的电池制造商均不同意以电导指标来测试电池的容量。

科士达UPS电源是将蓄电池(多为铅酸免维护蓄电池)与主机相连接，通过主机逆变器等模块电路将直流电转换成市电的系统设备。科士达UPS电源蓄电池短路是指铅蓄电池内部正负极群相连。造成UPS电源外接蓄电池短路的原因有哪些?

科士达UPS电源外接蓄电池内部短路的原因主要有以下几个方面：

(1)隔板质量不好或缺损，使极板活性物质穿过，致使正、负极板虚接触或直接接触。

(2)隔板窜位致使正负极板相连。

(3)极板上活性物质膨胀脱落，因脱落的活性物质沉积过多，致使正、负极板下部边缘或侧面边缘与沉积物相互接触而造成正负极板相连。

(4)导电物体落入蓄电池内造成正、负极板相连。

(5)焊接极群时形成的“铅流”未除尽，或装配时有“铅豆”在正负极板间存在，在充放电过程中损坏隔板造成正负极板相连。

科士达UPS电源的主要优点，在于它的不间断供电能力。在市电交流输入正常时，UPS把交流电整流成直流电，然后再把直流电逆变成稳定无杂质的交流电，给后级负载使用。

科士达UPS电源自问以来，其发展速度非常快。初期的UPS电源是一种动态的不间断电源。在市电正常时，用市电驱动电动机，电动机带动发电机发出交流电。该交流电一方面向负载供电，同时带动巨大的飞轮使其高速旋转。当市电变化时，由于飞轮的巨大惯性对电压的瞬时变化没有反应，因此保证了输出 电压的稳定。在市电停电时，依赖飞轮的惯性带动发电机继续向负载供电，同时启动与飞轮相连的备用柴油发电机组。备用发电机组带动飞轮旋转并因此带动交流发电机向负载供电。

为了进一步延长供电时间，市电经整流后一路给蓄电池充电，另一路为直流电动机供电，直流电动机又拖动交流发电机输出稳压稳频的交流电，一旦市电中断，依靠蓄电池组存储的能量维持发电机继续运行，使得负载供电不间断。这种动态不间断电源设备存在噪声大、效率低、切换时间过长、笨重等缺点，未被广泛采用。随着半导体技术的迅速发展，利用各种电力电子器件的静态UPS电源很快取代了早期的动态科士达UPS电源。静态UPS电源依靠蓄电池存储能量，通过静止逆变器变换电能维持负载电能供应的连续性。相对于动态UPS，静态UPS体积小、重量轻、噪声低、操控方便、效率高、后备时间长。

Some of the newly installed batteries have large pressure difference. Will it affect their use?
Answer: After a certain period of floating charge operation, the floating charge voltage of newly installed batteries will tend to be uniform, because the sulfuric acid saturation is higher, the gas recombination efficiency is poor, the saturation will decrease slightly after operation, and the floating charge voltage of batteries will also be uniform.
What are the causes of unbalanced battery voltage in the long-term floating charging operation of Corstal UPS battery?
Answer: At present, there is a phenomenon of uneven floating charge voltage in VRLA batteries, which is caused by the accumulation of errors in the quality, quantity and content of the accessories and materials used in the production of batteries. Especially, VRLA batteries adopt a lean liquid design. The errors will affect the sulfuric acid saturation inside the batteries, which directly affects the reorganization of oxygen during the floating charge of batteries, so as to make the floating charge time. The floating charge voltage of batteries varies with the overpotential of batteries. However, the floating charge voltage of VRLA batteries will become uniform after a certain period of floating charge operation. Because the oxygen recombination efficiency of batteries with high sulfuric acid saturation is poor, the saturation decreases slightly, and the floating voltage of batteries tends to be uniform.
In addition, the voltage drop of the battery connecting strip in series is large, the contact between the pole and the connecting strip is bad, and the new battery may be uneven within three to six months of operation.
How to judge backward batteries when they are floating charging?
Answer: The terminal voltage of backward batteries is low when discharging, so the backward batteries should be measured in the state of discharging. If the terminal voltage is the lowest in three consecutive discharging cycles, it can be classified as backward batteries in this group. If there are backward batteries, they should be charged equally.
For example, for batteries in floating charge state, attention should be paid if the floating charge voltage is less than 2.16V.
Does the UPS battery sometimes bulge slightly, affecting battery usage?
Answer: Because of the internal pressure in the battery, the bulging degree of the small shell appears in the battery shell. On the one hand, manufacturers should pay attention to the opening pressure of the safety valve, so that the internal pressure of the battery is not too large, and choose the appropriate shell material and shell thickness; on the other hand, users should maintain the battery normally to avoid overcharge and thermal runaway.
How long does it usually take for the battery to be fully charged after discharging?
Answer: The time required for the battery to be fully charged after discharge varies with the discharge capacity and initial charging current. If the battery is discharged at a rate of 10 h and the discharge depth is 100%, the charging capacity of the battery can reach more than 100% after 24 hours of charging through "constant voltage current limiting" and "constant current voltage limiting".
What are the types of leakage in the UPS battery of Costa, and what are the main phenomena?
Answer: The key of valve-controlled sealed batteries is sealing. If the batteries leak at night, they can not live in the same room as the communication room. They must be replaced.
Phenomenon: There are white crystals around pole a, which are obviously black and corroded, and sulfuric acid droplets. B white powder with acid corrosion on the ground if the battery is lying down. The copper core of the c-pole is green, and the droplets in the spiral sleeve are obvious, or there are obvious droplets between the groove caps.
Reasons: a Some battery screw loose, sealing ring pressure reduced resulting in seepage. B Sealant aging results in cracks in seals. C battery is seriously over-charged and mixed with different types of batteries, resulting in poor gas recombination efficiency. D. Splash of acid during acid filling, resulting in false leakage.
Measure: a wipe the battery which may be false leakage, wait for later observation B reinforce the screw sleeve of the leakage battery, and continue to observe C improve the sealing structure of the battery
In the use of batteries, why does it sometimes "fail to produce electricity"?
Answer: When the battery discharges in the normal floating charge state, the discharging time does not meet the requirement. The battery voltage on the SPC switch or electrical equipment has dropped to its set value, and the discharging is in the termination state. The reasons are as follows.
The discharge current of the battery exceeds the rated current, resulting in insufficient discharge time and the actual capacity of the battery.
The insufficient actual floating charge voltage during floating charge will cause long-term battery undercharge, insufficient battery capacity, and possibly lead to battery sulfation.
The loose connection strip and high contact resistance between batteries result in large voltage drop on the connection strip during discharge, and the voltage drop of the whole battery group is faster (on the contrary, the voltage rise of the battery is faster during charging process).
When discharging, the ambient temperature is too low. As the temperature decreases, the discharge capacity of the battery also decreases.
Does high temperature affect battery usage when the battery is hot?
Answer: Generally speaking, in the process of charging and discharging, because of the large current, the battery has a certain internal resistance, the battery will produce a part of heat, and the temperature will rise. However, when the charging current of the battery is too large and the gap between the batteries is too small, the charging current and the temperature of the battery will be enhanced accumulatively, and the battery will be damaged, resulting in thermal runaway. Especially the charging equipment used by users is AC power supply. Although the charging equipment has been filtered, it still has ripple voltage. The AC impedance of a fully charged battery is very small, even if the voltage change is very small, it will produce obvious AC current in the battery line, which will increase the temperature of the battery, and the thermal runaway of the battery will cause the temperature to rise, the strength of the battery shell to soften, causing the bulging of the battery under the internal pressure, and causing damage to the battery.
Can the capacity of batteries be measured by conductivity, and what is the current situation at home and abroad?
A: According to Dr. D. Feder, an American scientist, the larger the conductivity of the battery, the higher its capacity. There is a linear relationship between the conductivity and the capacity of the battery. The conductance measurement methods of VRLA batteries have been studied in China. The results show that the conductance measurement methods are effective in evaluating the capacity of VRLA batteries in some cases, but in other cases, the conductance and capacity of VRLA batteries are different.

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科士达UPS电源是针对中国电网环境和网络监控及网络系统、医疗系统等对电源的可靠性要求，克服中、大型计算机网络系统集中供电所造成的供电电网环境日益恶劣的问题，以全新的数字技术研制出的第三代工频纯在线式智能型UPS。直流电源，是维持电