科士达铅酸蓄电池内部短路原因以及处理方法

科士达蓄电池短路现象主要以下几个方面

1、开路电压低，闭路电压(放电)很快达到终止电压。

2、大电流放电时，端电压迅速下降到零。

3、开路时，电解液密度很低，在低温环境中电解液会出现结冰现象。

4、充电时，电压上升很慢，始终保持低值(有时降为零)。

5、充电时，电解液温度上升很高很快。

6、充电时，电解液密度上升很慢或几乎无变化。

7、充电时不冒气泡或冒气出现很晚。

The short circuit phenomena of Corstal batteries include the following aspects
1. Open-circuit voltage is low, and closed-circuit voltage (discharge) reaches the termination voltage quickly.
2. When high current is discharged, the terminal voltage drops rapidly to zero.
3. When open circuit, the density of electrolyte is very low, and the electrolyte will freeze in low temperature environment.
4. When charging, the voltage rises very slowly and keeps low (sometimes drops to zero).
5. When charging, the temperature of electrolyte rises very fast.
6. When charging, the density of electrolyte rises very slowly or almost unchanged.
7. No bubbles or gases occur late when charging.

造成科士达蓄电池内部短路的原因有：

1、隔板质量不好或缺损，使极板活性物质穿过，致使正、负极板虚接触或直接接触。

2、隔板窜位致使正负极板相连。

3、极板上活性物质膨胀脱落，因脱落的活性物质沉积过多，致使正、负极板下部边缘或侧面边缘与沉积物相互接触而造成正负极板相连。

4、导电物体落入电池内造成正、负极板相连。

5、焊接极群时形成的"铅流"未除尽，或装配时有"铅豆"在正负极板间存在，在充放电过程中损坏隔板造成正负极板相连。

The reasons for the short circuit in Corstal batteries are as follows:
1. Baffle quality is not good or defective, so that the active material of the plate passes through, resulting in virtual contact or direct contact between the positive and negative plates.
2. Diaphragm channeling causes positive and negative plates to connect.
3. Expansion and exfoliation of active substances on the plate lead to contact between the bottom edge or side edge of the positive and negative plates due to excessive deposition of the exfoliated active substances.
4. The conductive object falls into the battery and connects the positive and negative plates.
5. Lead current formed during welding pole group is not eliminated, or lead beans exist between positive and negative plates during assembly, and the positive and negative plates are connected by damaging the partition during charging and discharging.

科士达蓄电池短路的处理方法

下面主要就充电电流过大，单只电池充电电压超过了2.4V，内部有短路或局部放电、温升超标、阀控失灵现象造成的科士达蓄电池短路进行分析，总结出如下铅酸蓄电池短路的处理方法。

1、减小充电电流，降低充电电压，检查安全阀体是否堵死。定期充电放电。UPS电源系统中的铅酸蓄电池浮充电压和放电电压，很多在出厂时均已调试到额定值，而放电电流的大小是随着负载的增大而增加的，使用中应合理调节负载，比如控制计算机等电子设备的使用台数。

一般情况下，负载不宜超过UPS额定负载的60%.在这个范围内，蓄电池就不会出现过度放电。铅酸蓄电池存放会因自放电而失去部分容量，因此，铅酸蓄电池在安装后投入使用前，应根据电池的开路电压判断电池的剩余容量，然后采用不同的方法对蓄电池进行补充充电。对备用搁置的蓄电池，每3个月应进行一次补充充电。可以通过测量松下蓄电池开路电压来判断电池的好坏。

Short Circuit Processing Method of Corstal Battery
The following is mainly about the analysis of the short circuit of Corstal batteries caused by excessive charging current, single battery charging voltage exceeding 2.4V, internal short circuit or partial discharge, temperature rise exceeding standard, valve control failure. The treatment methods of short circuit of lead-acid batteries are summarized as follows.
1. Reduce the charging current, reduce the charging voltage and check whether the safety valve body is blocked. Charge and discharge regularly. In UPS power supply system, the floating charge voltage and discharge voltage of lead-acid batteries have been adjusted to the rated value when they are out of the factory. The discharge current increases with the increase of the load. The load should be adjusted reasonably in use, such as controlling the number of electronic devices such as computers.
Normally, the load should not exceed 60% of the UPS rated load. In this range, there will be no excessive discharge of the battery. Lead-acid batteries will lose part of their capacity due to self-discharge. Therefore, before they are put into use after installation, the remaining capacity of lead-acid batteries should be judged according to the open-circuit voltage of batteries, and then the batteries should be recharged by different methods. For the spare storage battery, it should be recharged every three months. The Panasonic battery can be judged by measuring its open circuit voltage.

2、以12V电池为例，若开路电压高于12.5V，则表示电池储能还有80%以上，若开路电压低于12.5V，则应该立刻进行补充充电。若开路电压低于12V，则表示电池存储电能不到20%，电池不堪使用。蓄电池在短路状态时，其短路电流可达数百安培。短路接触越牢，短路电流越大，因此所有连接部分都会产生大量热量，在薄弱环节发热量更大，会将连接处熔断，产生短路现象。

蓄电池局部可能产生可爆气体(或充电时集存的可爆气体)，在连接处熔断时产生火花，会引起蓄电池爆炸;若蓄电池短路时间较短或电流不是特别大时，可能不会引起连接处熔断现象，但短路仍会有过热现象，会损坏连接条周围的粘结剂，使其留下漏液等隐患。

在安装铅酸蓄电池时，应使用的工具应采取绝缘措施，连线时应先将电池以外的电器连好，经检查无短路，最后连上蓄电池，布线规范应良好绝缘，防止重叠受压产生破裂。通过这些细致的工作，才能更好的预防铅酸蓄电池短路，使铅酸蓄电池更安全的使用，寿命也更长。

For example, if the open-circuit voltage is higher than 12.5V, it means that the battery has more than 80% energy storage. If the open-circuit voltage is lower than 12.5V, it should be recharged immediately. If the open circuit voltage is less than 12V, it means that the battery can store less than 20% of the energy, and the battery can not be used. When the battery is in short-circuit state, its short-circuit current can reach hundreds of amperes. The stronger the short-circuit contact is, the larger the short-circuit current is. Therefore, a lot of heat will be generated in all the connections, and the more heat will be generated in the weak links, which will fuse the joints and cause short-circuit phenomenon.
Local explosive gases (or explosive gases accumulated during charging) may occur in the battery, sparks will occur when the connection is fused, which will cause the battery to explode; if the short circuit time of the battery or the current is not particularly large, it may not cause the connection to fuse, but the short circuit will still cause overheating, which will damage the adhesive around the connection bar, leaving hidden dangers such as leakage.
Insulation measures should be taken when installing lead-acid batteries. When connecting, electrical appliances other than batteries should be connected well, no short circuit should be checked, and finally the batteries should be connected. Wiring specifications should be well insulated to prevent overlapping pressure from rupturing. Through these meticulous work, we can better prevent short circuit of lead-acid batteries, make lead-acid batteries safer to use and longer life.

科士达蓄电池供电时间计算：

电池供电时间主要受负载大小、电池容量、环境温度、电池放电截止电压等因素影响。一般计算UPS电池供电时间，可以计算出电池放电电流,然后根据电池放电曲线查出其放电时间。电池放电电流可以按以下经验公式计算:

放电电流=UPS容量(VA)×功率因数/电池放电平均电压×效率

如要计算实际负载放电时间,只需将UPS容量换为实际负载容量即可。

如果对以上计算稍嫌复杂，还有一个简单的方法：你要计算的话要把实际负载W转换为VA.服务器等设备一般功率因素是0.8(如果是8000W的话就是8000/0.8=10000VA)。

电池包的选型,现在主流电池都是12V的不同的是"AH数",也是就"安时数",一般UPS的电池要求都是12的倍数.说到这不知道你理解了没有,打个比方如果电池包是24V是话那就要用两组12V的并联(道理你应该清楚吧?)另外AH数是电池上标的,有很多种。然后我们就算每组电池的电池数,一个很简单的算法,但是并不是非常精确(电池包电压数*AH*电池个数=负载功率*延时时间)根据这个你算出电池个数来就可以了。

科士达UPS后备电池配置计算

科士达UPS是有蓄电池储能，所能供电时间的长短由UPS蓄电池配置的计算方法介绍如下：

一、 下列因素影响备用时间：

① N=36V÷12V=3节

② I=1000VA÷36V=28A

UPS蓄电池配置计算方法：

1、 负载总功率P总(W)，考虑到UPS的功率因数，在计算时可直接以P总的伏安(VA)为单位来计算。

2、 V低是蓄电池放电后的终止电压(V)，2V电池V低=1.7V; 12V电池V低=10.2V

3、 V浮是蓄电池的浮充电压(V)，2V电池V浮=2.3V;12V电池V浮=13.8V

4、 Kh为电池容量换算系数(Ct/C10)，10Hr放电率为1，5Hr放电率0.9，3Hr放电率为0.75，1Hr放电率为0.62

5、 I为电池工作电流(A)，T为连续放电时间(H)，V为UPS外接电池的直流供电电压(V)

Configuration calculation of UPS backup battery in Costa
Corstal UPS has battery energy storage, and the calculation method of power supply time by UPS battery configuration is introduced as follows:
1. The following factors affect the standby time:
(1) N = 36V_12V = 3 sections
I I = 1000VA_36V = 28A
UPS battery configuration calculation method:
1. The total load power P (W), considering the power factor of UPS, can be calculated directly in terms of the total P volt-ampere (VA).
2. Low V is the termination voltage (V) of battery after discharge, low V of 2V battery = 1.7V, low V of 12V battery = 10.2V.
3. V float is the floating charge voltage (V) of the storage battery. V float of the 2V battery is 2.3V; V float of the 12V battery is 13.8V.
4. Kh is the conversion coefficient of battery capacity (Ct/C10). The discharge rate of 10Hr is 1, the discharge rate of 5Hr is 0.9, the discharge rate of 3Hr is 0.75 and the discharge rate of 1Hr is 0.62.
5. I is the working current (A), T is the continuous discharge time (H), V is the DC supply voltage (V) of UPS external battery.

二、 科士达蓄电池计算方法

1、12V单体电池的数量N：N=V÷12 2V单体电池的数量为6N

2、电池工作电流I：I=P总÷V

3、实际电池容量C：C=I×T÷Kh

例如：功率为1KVA的电源备用时间4小时，选择科士达UPS的型号为HP9101H，V=36V，则

① N=36V÷12V=3节

② I=1000VA÷36V=28A

③ C=28A×4H÷0.9=124AH

④ 电池的配量可选用100AH一组3节，或65AH二组6节，选用的结果有偏离，这要看用户的需求

注：12V蓄电池常用容量规格为7Ah、17Ah、24Ah、38Ah、65Ah、100Ah、200Ah等。根据以上计算方法，可列表格进行计算，以下表格供参考：

Calculating Method of Corstal Battery
Number of 1, 12V cells N: N = V_122V cells 6N
2. Battery working current I:I=P total V
3. Actual battery capacity C:C=I*T_Kh
For example, the standby time of power supply with power of 1KVA is 4 hours, and the model of Corstal UPS is HP9101H, V = 36V.
(1) N = 36V_12V = 3 sections
I I = 1000VA_36V = 28A
(3) C=28A*4H_0.9=124AH
(4) Battery allocation can be divided into three sections in 100AH group or six sections in 65AH group. The result of selection is deviated, depending on the needs of users.
Note: The capacity specifications of 12V batteries are 7Ah, 17Ah, 24Ah, 38Ah, 65Ah, 100Ah, 200Ah, etc. According to the above calculation method, the following table can be used for reference:

说明：

1.放电率以电池在常温下计算,不同品牌的电池其放电率也不同，其值也应改变。

2.请在蓝色区域内填写对应的参数，将光标移至对应的红色单元格按下即可

3.理论电池容量=总功率*时间数/(11*电池数量*放电系数)

4.实际电池容量取理论电池容量的N倍(N可选0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9等。)

科士达UPS电源恒电流模式计算

根据能量守恒原理，按如下公式计算：

C=(PL×T)/(Vbat×η×K)

其中：

C 为蓄电池容量(Ah)，

PL 为UPS输出功率(W);

T 为电池后备时间(h);

Vbat是电池组电压(Vdc)

η―UPS电池逆变效率(0.90-0.95，根据机型选取)。

K―电池放电效率(系数)。

K的选取按照下表：

根据计算结果，确定电池的Ah数，分别根据不同品牌电池选取合适的配置。

科士达UPS电源恒功率计算公式

W = PL÷(N*6*n)(watts/cell)

注：

PL为UPS额定输出的有功功率(KW);

N为12V的电池数量;

Vf为电池组额定电压，

n为逆变器效率。

即先计算出单体电池所需功率，再通过电池厂家提供的恒功率放电表查找可满足要求的电池型号。

终止放电电压按照1.75V/cell确定。通常电池厂家给出的功率表为单体2V/Cell的功率，定义为watts/cell。部分厂家给出的功率表为watts/block，则需要再乘6这个系数。

电池节数32节(30-40节偶数节可调)，UPS电池逆变效率0.95，按满载20kVA*0.9=18KW，后备2小时计算.

W/cell = PL/(N×6×n)=18000/(32*6*0.95)=98.68 watts/cell

According to the calculation results, the Ah number of batteries was determined, and the appropriate configuration was selected according to different brands of batteries.
Constant Power Calculating Formula of Corstal UPS Power Supply
W = PL(N*6*n) (watts/cell)
Note:
PL is the rated output active power (KW) of UPS.
N is the number of 12V batteries.
Vf is the rated voltage of batteries.
N is the efficiency of the inverter.
That is to say, the required power of the single battery is calculated first, and then the battery model that can meet the requirements is found by the constant power discharge meter provided by the battery manufacturer.
The termination voltage is determined by 1.75V/cell. Usually, the power meter given by battery manufacturers is the power of 2V/Cell, which is defined as watts/cell. The watt-hour meter given by some manufacturers is watts/block, which needs to be multiplied by 6.
The number of batteries is 32 (30-40 even knots are adjustable), and the inversion efficiency of UPS battery is 0.95, which is calculated by full load 20KA*0.9=18KW and backup for 2 hours.
W/cell = PL/(N*6*n)=18000/(32*6*0.95)=98.68 watts/cell

1、根据负载功率(即IT设备功率)快速计算UPS所需容量)

计算公式：科士达UPS容量(KVA)=负载功率(KW)÷UPS功率因数÷0.7;(UPS功率因数一般在0.8～1之间)

1、科士达UPS容量(KVA)：科士达UPS容量一般用KVA表示(如10KVA，UPS容量KVA*UPS功率因数=KW，一般情况下KVA≥KW，只有当UPS功率因素为1时，KVA=KW)

2、负载功率(KW)：需要带载IT设备的功率，一般用KW表示(如10KW)

3、UPS最大带载功率(KW)=UPS容量(KVA)×UPS功率因数(UPS功率因数一般在0.8～1之间，查UPS参数可得，一般取0.8)

4、配置UPS时，建议UPS所带的负载功率(KW)约为UPS最大带载功率(KW)的70%为佳;

计算示例：以10KW负载功率为例，计算所需要UPS容量步骤如下：

第一步：套用公式，UPS容量KVA=10KW÷0.8÷0.7=17.85KVA;

第二步：选用合适的UPS，根据以上结果实际可选用20KVA的UPS满足要求;

注：请关注“数高联盟”查看智慧秘笈，了解UPS输入输出配电快速计算方法。

2、科士达UPS电池容量的快速计算方法

电池计算方法一

计算所需电池安时数(AH)(此方法简单快捷，一般的估算，采用此方法即可)。

计算公式：电池安时数(AH)=UPS标称功率(VA)×功率因素×延时时长(小时数)÷逆变器启动电压(电池组电压)÷逆变器效率;

1、功率因数一般取0.8;

2、逆变器效率一般取0.9;

3、逆变器启动电压(电池组电压)根据不同型号UPS而不同(查UPS参数可得)

计算示例：以3000VA UPS 延时4小时为例，计算步骤如下：

每一步：查UPS参数，得UPS逆变器启动电压(电池组电压)：U=96V，选用电池额定电压：U1=12V，得出每组电池数量：N=U÷U1=96V÷12=8节/组;

第二步：套用公式，电池安时数(AH)=3000VA×0.8×4小时÷96V÷0.9=111AH;

第三步：选用合适的电池，以上结果得出需要111AH的蓄电池才能满足4小时的供电，但是常规蓄电池一般没有容量为111AH的，且需要8节/1组，我们可以选择2组(16节)65AH的蓄电池并联进行配置，其延时时间为:65AH×2÷3000VA÷0.8×96V×0.9=4.68小时;

注：以上算出的电池安时数(AH)也常理解为：电池放出容量;如果电池放电效率不为1，参照以下公式换算出电池标称容量，再选电池。电池放出容量=电池标称容量×电池放电效率;电池放电效率不同型号参考值有： 0.4 /0.5/0.6/0.7/0.8/0.9/1;

电池计算方法二

计算电池最大放电电流值(I最大)(此方法相对精确，如果追求更精确的配置，可采用此方法)

计算公式：I最大=Pcosф/(η*E临界*N)

1、P：UPS电源的标称输出功率;

2、cosф：UPS电源的输出功率因数(UPS一般为0.8)

3、η：UPS逆变器的效率，一般为0.88~0.94(实际计算中可以取0.9)

4、E临界：蓄电池组的临界放电电压(12V电池约为10.5V，2V电池约为1.7V)

5、N：每组电池的数量;

6、根据所选的蓄电池组的后备时间，查出所需的电池组的放电速率值C，然后根据：电池组的标称容量= I最大/C，算出电池组的标称容量;时间与放电速率C示例表如下：

计算示例：以300KVA UPS延时30分钟为例，计算步骤如下：

第一步：查UPS参数，得UPS逆变器启动电压(电池组电压)：U=360V，选用电池额定电压： U1=12V，得出每组电池数量：N=U÷U1=360V÷12=30节/组;

第二步：套用公式，I最大=P×cosф÷(η×N×E)=300000VA×0.8÷(0.9×30×10.5)=846A;

第三步：套用公式，得出电池组的标称容量=I最大/C=846÷0.92=919AH;

第四步：选用合适的电池，以上结果得出电池组的总容量=919AH×30节×12V=330840AH，可采用电池150AH 30节6组;

电池计算方法三

电池恒功率计算法(此方法精确，快捷，计算出恒功率数值后，查电池厂家恒功率表。推荐!推荐!推荐!)

恒功率计算公式：W=(P·cosΦ)/(ηN·6)

2V单体电池放电截止电压：1.70V;

UPS输出功率因数cosΦ：0.8;

UPS逆变效率η：0.95;

UPS电池节数：N(一般为12V电池的节数，查电池恒功率表一般是电池2V对应的W数，换算成2V电池节数：N*6)

计算示例：以400KVA UPS延时30分钟为例，计算步骤如下：

第一步：套用公式，W=(400×1000×0.8)/(0.95×32pcs×6)=1754.39W

第二步：计算出W值后，查电池厂家恒功率表如下(可选977.7的2组，满足要求)：

补充说明：科士达UPS后备蓄电池的容量计算方法很多(电源法、恒功率法、恒流法、估算法等)，各种计算方法各有侧重点，在实际应用中需要综合考虑蓄电池的使用情况，UPS所带负载情况以及应用的场合来选择适合的电池容量计算方法。

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